Korean Art Song Learning Center

Tag: korean Art Song IPA

  • IPA- 님이 오시는지 (Is My Beloved Coming?)

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    1st Verse

    Turning along the riverside
    where forget-me-nots dream,

    On the moonlit road far away,
    is my beloved coming?

    The wind rising in the reed grove,
    could it be your footsteps?

    Might the sound of flowing water
    be my beloved’s song?

    My heart, lonely,
    wanders endlessly

    As if dawn is coming,
    only the wind grows cold.

    2nd Verse

    Passing the field
    where lilies dream,

    On the moonlit road far away,
    is my beloved coming?

    The sound of a grass-stained skirt
    dragging as she comes,

    Parting the flower’s fragrance,
    is my beloved coming?

    My heart trembles,
    wandering endlessly

    As if dawn is coming, the wind rises.

    The wind rises










    1. Resyllabification: 님 (coda ㅁ) + 이 (vowel-initial, same word) → ㅁ shifts to become the onset of 이. Recurs on every 님이 in the song.

    2. Resyllabification: 돌 (coda ㄹ) + 아 (vowel-initial, same word) → ㄹ shifts to become the onset of 아.

    3. Tensification (rule 28): 달 (sonorant coda ㄹ) + 빛 (plain onset ㅂ), a compound noun, tensifies to [p͈].

    4. Tensification (rule 28) then resyllabification: 갈 (sonorant coda ㄹ) + 숲 (plain onset ㅅ), a compound, tensifies to [s͈] first; that tensified onset then carries its identity across as 숲’s own coda ㅍ resyllabifies onto 에.

    5. Glide priority: 췰 = [tʃʷil], not [tsʷil], since a glide always wins the dʒ/tʃ choice even though 추 alone would fall in the [ts] exception group.

    6. Tensification (rule 28): 물 (sonorant coda ㄹ) + 소 (plain onset ㅅ), a compound, tensifies to [s͈].

    7. Resyllabification across a word boundary, then rule-14 cluster processing: 한 (coda ㄴ) + 없 (null onset) → ㄴ shifts onto 없 as its onset. 없’s own cluster ㅄ then behaves as established: ㅂ stays in coda, and ㅅ moves onward to 이, tensifying and (since ㅣ follows) palatalizing to [ʃ͈].

    8. Aspiration, chained twice: 백’s coda ㄱ meets 합’s onset ㅎ, keeping its own subscript while the onset aspirates to [k]; separately, that same syllable’s own coda ㅂ then meets 화’s onset ㅎ, again keeping its subscript while 화’s onset aspirates to [pʷ]. Both instances follow the ㄱ/ㄷ/ㅂ/ㅈ(+representative t)+ㅎ direction, which keeps its own placeholder, unlike the ㅎ-as-coda direction confirmed elsewhere in this project.

    9. 들녘을: 들’s coda ㄹ and 녘’s onset ㄴ undergo mutual liquidization to [ll]; 녘’s own coda ㅋ then resyllabifies onto 을 and voices to [ɡ] in this weak position, the same confirmed exception as 북녘을.

    10. Resyllabification: 물 (coda ㄹ) + 에 (vowel-initial, same word) → ㄹ shifts to become the onset of 에.

  • IPA- 고풍의상 (Traditional Attire)

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    As if flying toward the sky

    Stretched long at the eaves rafter’s tip,
    the wind chime cries

    At the eaves’ edge, in the beaded curtain,
    the half-moon hides

    The spring night,
    faintly deepening like a cuckoo’s cry

    How lovely, how graceful, truly how beautiful

    The fine jeogori’s white collar shines brightly

    The twelve-panel long skirt ripples gently

    You are a butterfly,
    telling the classics of some distant land

    Dance softly, as if a butterfly

    Lowering my brows……

    On this night, I live in the days of old

    Closing my eyes, I shall choose the geomungo’s strings

    Like a slender willow, matching the melody

    I shall wave my white hands











    1. 고풍의상: 풍’s ŋ coda meets 의 (null onset, vowel-initial), but ŋ never resyllabifies (the one true exception among codas), so it stays put and 의 starts fresh as a null-onset ㅢ, taking the superscript ʉ+i treatment.

    2. Resyllabification: 날 (coda ㄹ) + 을 (vowel-initial, same word) → ㄹ shifts to become the onset of 을.

    3. Resyllabification keeps the original consonant: 듯’s coda ㅅ moves onto 이 as-is, and since it now sits before ㅣ, it palatalizes to [ʃ].

    4. Resyllabification: 뽑 (coda ㅂ) + 은 (vowel-initial, same word) → ㅂ shifts to become the onset of 은.

    5. ㅇ(ŋ) resyllabification exception: 경+이 (vowel-initial, same word), yet ŋ stays in place rather than moving onto 이.

    6. Tensification (rule 23): 곱’s coda ㅂ is an obstruent stop, so it tensifies the following plain ㄱ to [k͈] regardless of whether this is a stem+ending context.

    7. Two resyllabifications in a row: 반’s ㄴ shifts onto 월 (itself a null-onset w-glide syllable) as its onset, and then 월’s own coda ㄹ shifts again onto 이.

    8. Compound tensification (rule 28): 봄+밤 is a modifying compound (resonant coda + plain onset), so 밤’s ㅂ tensifies to [p͈]. Established example word.

    9. Resyllabification keeps the original consonant: 깊’s coda ㅍ moves onto 어 as a full aspirated onset, not the neutralized coda form.

    10. Resyllabification: 곱 (coda ㅂ) + 아라 (vowel-initial, same word) → ㅂ shifts to become the onset of 아.

    11. 밝도: before a consonant, the cluster ㄺ simplifies to ㄱ (rather than the verb-stem-specific ㄹ-keeping pattern), and that ㄱ then tensifies the following plain ㄷ (rule 23) to [t͈].

    12. Compound tensification (rule 28): 물+결 is a modifying compound (resonant coda + plain onset), so 결’s ㄱ tensifies to [k͈]. Established example word. 결’s own coda ㄹ then resyllabifies onto 을.

    13. No resyllabification across the word boundary: 는 (coda ㄴ) is followed by a space, then 어느 (vowel-initial), but the space blocks it, so ㄴ stays in coda.

    14. Null-onset ㅢ: superscript ʉ + i. (This superscript was missing in an earlier pass of this file; corrected here.)

    15. No resyllabification across the word boundary: 는 (coda ㄴ) is followed by a space, then 이 (vowel-initial), but the space blocks it.

    16. Nasalization: 옛’s coda ㅅ (representative [t]) meets 날’s onset ㄴ and nasalizes to [n], the same pattern as 뗏목 or 왔네. 날’s own coda ㄹ then resyllabifies onto 에.

    17. Tensification (rule 24, stem+ending): 감다’s stem-final ㅁ + ending-initial ㄱ (고) tensifies to [k͈], the same mechanism as 안고서.

    18. Glide priority: 춰 = [tʃʷʌ], not [tsʷʌ]. A glide always wins the dʒ/tʃ choice, even though 추 alone would fall in the [ts] exception group.

    19. Standard Korean Pronunciation Rule 5: 흰 has a consonant onset (ㅎ) before ㅢ, so the vowel simplifies to plain [i].